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Infectious disease surveillance during emergency relief to Bhutanese refugees in Nepal

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Marfin, A. A., Moore, J., Collins, C., Biellik, R., Kattel, U., Toole, M. J.,& Moore, P. S. (1994). Infectious disease surveillance during emergency relief to Bhutanese refugees in Nepal. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272(5), 377-381. 

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE: To implement simplified infectious disease surveillance and epidemic disease control during the relocation of Bhutanese refugees to Nepal.

DESIGN: Longitudinal observation study of mortality and morbidity.

SETTING: Refugee health units in six refugee camps housing 73,500 Bhutanese refugees in the eastern tropical lowland between Nepal and India.

INTERVENTIONS: Infectious disease surveillance and community-based programs to promote vitamin A supplementation, measles vaccination, oral rehydration therapy, and early use of antibiotics to treat acute respiratory infection. MAIN

OUTCOME MEASURES: Crude mortality rate, mortality rate for children younger than 5 years, and cause-specific mortality.

RESULTS: Crude mortality rates up to 1.15 deaths per 10,000 persons per day were reported during the first 6 months of surveillance. The leading causes of death were measles, diarrhea, and acute respiratory infections. Surveillance data were used to institute changes in public health management including measles vaccination, vitamin A supplementation, and control programs for diarrhea and acute respiratory infections and to ensure rapid responses to cholera, Shigella dysentery, and meningoencephalitis. Within 4 months of establishing disease control interventions, crude mortality rates were reduced by 75% and were below emergency levels.

CONCLUSIONS: Simple, sustainable disease surveillance in refugee populations is essential during emergency relief efforts. Data can be used to direct community-based public health interventions to control common infectious diseases and reduce high mortality rates among refugees while placing a minimal burden on health workers.